1. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Literature are written works collectively, especially those of enduring importance, exhibiting creative imagination and artistic skill (Funk and Wagnalls).
Literature comes from the Latin word literature meaning writing; literatus which means learning; and thus is literate for learned. It is both oral and written work characterized by expressive or imaginative writing, nobility of thoughts, universality and timeliness.

The best way to understand human nature fully and to know a nation completely is to study literature.
Literature appeals to man’s higher nature and its needs–emotional, spiritual, intellectual and creative. Like all other forms of art, literature entertains and gives pleasure; it fires the imagination and arouses noble emotions and it enriches man by enabling him to reflect on life by filling him new ideas. Literture nourishes our emotional lives.Literature broadens our perpectives on the world.
The study of literature engages you in the kinds of problem solving important win a variety of fields, from philosophy to science and technology.One of the purposes of a college introduction to literature is to cultivate the analytic skills necessary for reading well.

POETRY

Like all other literary types, poetry presents a “heightened awareness of reality,” but it is poetry that features “language charged to the nth degree.” By that Paul Engle meant that poetry maximizes the power of language and transmits an intensified artistic experience–chiefly through suggestion, figurative language, imagery, condensation, and sound.

To Robert Frost, poetry is the “only permissible way of saying one thing and meaning another.” Whatever the poem wants to say, it expresses in a manner that appears to be “the only right way of saying it in the context of the realities it has started with” (Cirilo Bautista). In poetry the words are so well-arranged such that one delights in repeating the lines–there appears to be no other way of saying them. Just by the sound alone, one derives pleasure from a poem. Apart from the idea one derives from poetry, one then also goes through an experience wrought by the language, music, and imagery that interlock in a poem, such that one recites the lines over and over to savor the poetic experience. The content (what the poem says)and form (how the poem expresses its main idea) of the poem have become one.

PROSE

Prose drama-a drama in prose form. It consists entirely of dialogues in prose, and is meant to be acted on stage.

Essay-a short literary composition which is expository in nature. The author shares some of his thoughts, feelings, experiences or observations on some aspects of life that has interested him.

Novel-a long fictitious narrative with a complicated plot. It may have a main plot and one or more subplots that develop with the main plot. Characters and actions representative of the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot. It is made up of chapters.

Short story-a fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of time, place, and action. It deals with a single character interest, a single emotion or series of emotions called forth by a single situation. It is distinguished from the novel by its compression.

legend is a story that is purported to be historical in nature but has no substantiation. It also describes anything that inspires a body of stories or anything of lasting fame or importance.

fables- A usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like humans. A story about legendary persons and exploits.

anecdote-a short account of a particular incident or event, especially of an interesting or amusing nature.

a short, obscure historical or biographical account.

biography-an account in biographical form of an organization, society, theater, animal, etc.

such writings collectively.

the writing of biography as an occupation or field of endeavor.

news- Information about recent events or happenings, especially as reported by newspapers, periodicals, radio, or television.

oration- A formal speech, especially one given on a ceremonial occasion. A speech delivered in a high-flown or pompous manner.

myhtodology-A body of practices, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a discipline or engage in an inquiry; a set of working methods: the methodology of genetic studies; a poll marred by faulty methodology. The study or theoretical analysis of such working methods. The branch of logic that deals with the general principles of the formation of knowledge.

parable- A simple story illustrating a moral or religious lesson.

INGREDIENTS OF PROSE:

1.Characters-are the representation of a human being; persons involved in a conflict.

Round character-is a dynamic character who recognized changes in the circumstances; is fully developed character, with many traits shown in the story.

Flat character-also known as the stock or the stereotype character who does not grow and develop; a flat character is not fully developed and do not undergo changes.

protagonist-the main character antagonist-a foil to the character

2. Setting-the locale and period in which the events occur. A stoyr must take place in space, time, and therefore must have setting. But the importance of setting varies greatly from story to story. The setting gives immediacy to the story, can lend atmosphere to a story and can enter directly to the meaning of a story.

3. Conflict-the struggle of complication involving the characters; the opposition of persons or forces upon which the action depends in drama and fiction.

Internal Conflict-occurs when the protagonist struggles within himself or herself; the protagonist is pulled by two courses of action or by differing emotions.

Interpersonal conflict-pits the protagonist against someone else.

External conflict-person against society

4. Point of View- the writer’s feeling and attitude toward his/her subject; determines who tells the story; it identifies the narrator of the story.

CLASSIFICATION:

First person- the narrator uses the pronoun “I.” S/he could be a participant or a character in his own work; the narrator maybe the protagonist, an observer, a minor character, or the writer himself/herself. 

Third person- the writer is mereky an observer and uses pronoun in the third person.

Omniscient-the narrator sees all; s/he can see into the minds of characters and evne report everyone’s innermost thoughts.

5. Tone/Mood- the attitude or mixture of attitude taken by the writer toward his work.

6. Symbolism- stand for something other than themselves, they bring to mind not theri won concrete qualities, but the idea or obstruction that is associated with them.

7. Theme- the author’s comment regarding the subject

8. Plot-a causally related sequence of events; what

happens as a result of the main coinflict is presented in a structured format; is the sequence of events which involves the character in conflict.

POETRY- is a word of Greek origin. It comes from a verb with means “to make, to create”. A poem is “something made or created”. The poet is the creator and language is the material out of which s/he creates his/her work of art.

NARRATIVE- is a form of poetry which tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metred verse. The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is usually dramatic, with objectives, diverse characters, and metre. Narrative poems include epics, ballads, idylls and lays.

BALLAD- A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung, consisting of simple stanzas and usually having a refrain.

METRICAL TALE-Analysis of verse into metrical patterns.

EPIC-poetry celebrating the deeds of some hero

LYRIC POETRY is a comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single speaker presents a state of mind or an emotional state. Lyric poetry retains some of the elements of song which is said to be its origin: For Greek writers the lyric was a song accompanied by the lyre. is a comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single speaker presents a state of mind or an emotional state. Lyric poetry retains some of the elements of song which is said to be its origin: For Greek writers the lyric was a song accompanied by the lyre.

sonnet was originally a love poem which dealt with the lover’s sufferings and hopes.

elegy is a formal lament for the death of a particular person the term elegy is also used for solemn meditations, often on questions of death

ode is a long lyric poem with a serious subject written in an elevated style 

lullabies soothing song with which to lull a child to sleep. 

dramatic monologue a speaker, who is explicitly someone other than the author, makes a speech to a silent auditor in a specific situation and at a critical moment. Without intending to do so, the speaker reveals aspects of his temperament and character

Prose poetry is poetry written in prose instead of using verse but preserving poetic qualities such as heightened imagery and emotional effects.

 character sketch-a brief description or portrayal of a person's character, qualities, etc

soliloqy - A dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener.